Metales pesados y pesticidas en plantas medicinales: fuentes ambientales, respuestas de las plantas y evaluación del riesgo para la salud humana

and Cancer Risk models within the underexplored context of habitual herbal product use. Detection technologies, regulatory standards and mitigation strategies are assessed with equal rigor. The need for this review is urgent. The absence of unified monitoring frameworks and taxon-specific safety thresholds leaves billions of herbal medicine users inadequately protected. This work provides a consolidated, actionable foundation for researchers, regulators and clinicians working toward safer, evidence-based herbal therapeutics. © 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.