Impacto de la suplementación con probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos en la enfermedad renal crónica: una revisión exhaustiva de ensayos clínicos

evidence does not consistently demonstrate superior clinical efficacy. Overall, these interventions often improve surrogate biomarkers, but their effects on renal function and hard clinical outcomes remain uncertain. Larger, longer-duration multicenter randomized controlled trials with standardized formulations are needed to establish their clinical utility and to better elucidate microbiota-host interactions in CKD. Advancing this field may support the development of personalized microbiome-based therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the gut-kidney axis and ultimately improving clinical outcomes in CKD