La fitorremediación integrada basada en N-acetilcisteína y microbios mitiga la contaminación por plomo (Pb) y limita su absorción en granos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.)

∼48% higher biomass and ∼36% greater chlorophyll content compared with Pb-stressed controls. Importantly, the combined treatment significantly reduced Pb accumulation in roots and shoots (32.7-52.9%) and markedly limited Pb translocation to grains (52.9-54%). Enhanced root endophyte colonization further contributed to improved plant tolerance under Pb stress. Overall, these findings demonstrate that integrating HMT-PGP microbes with NAC represents an effective and environmentally sustainable strategy to stabilize Pb in contaminated soils, improve wheat productivity, and reduce heavy-metal entry into the human food