La tríada de colágeno, vitamina C y vitamina E en el envejecimiento: roles emergentes en el estado de ánimo y la salud psicológica, el soporte neurotrófico, la función cognitiva, la resistencia y la sarcopenia

to cognitive performance metrics. Collectively, the triadic components appear to confer synergistic advantages by facilitating MPS, alleviating oxidative stress, maintaining immune equilibrium, and augmenting metabolic and cognitive resilience among the geriatric population. Future research should emphasize stratification by population characteristics, baseline nutritional status, and exercise modality to clarify differential responses, and should investigate optimal dosing regimens, timing considerations, and mechanistic interactions of the triad with exercise to maximize functional outcomes in older adults.