Biosensores de vitamina D: estado actual en aplicaciones ópticas y electroquímicas en el punto de atención

analytical capabilities available to clinicians and researchers by providing faster, lower-cost, and more patient-centered alternatives to conventional laboratory-based assays; (ii) how early and decentralized monitoring of vitamin D levels may support improved prevention and management of vitamin D-related conditions; and (iii) a critical overview of current optical and electrochemical biosensing strategies for vitamin D detection and quantification. Finally, both proof-of-concept biosensors and commercially available devices are discussed, with emphasis on their technological readiness, physiological relevance, and