Plasticidad sináptica neuroinmune de la vitamina D e intervención de precisión en trastornos del neurodesarrollo pediátricos

systematically integrates causal mechanisms, molecular pathways, disease-specific associations, and clinical evidence, proposing the "neuroimmune-synaptic plasticity axis" as a central hypothesis. We critically analyze the mechanisms of vitamin D during key neurodevelopmental periods and evaluate sources of heterogeneity in existing clinical trials, including dosage, timing, VDR genotype, and co-nutrients. Finally, we propose a research roadmap for individualized supplementation strategies based on developmental stage, biomarkers, and VDR genotype, aiming to transition vitamin D use from empirical